Learn/JAMB UTME/Syllabus/PhysicsStudy this subject in LearnPractice opens in your JAMB UTME workspace after you sign in. Questions and lecture notes stay there.Practice this subjectOpen lecture notesOfficial rules, eligibility, and dates stay on the JAMB UTME guide.subject outlineMeasurements and UnitsLength, area and volume: Measuring instrumentsMass - Unit of massMass - Use of simple beam balanceMass - Concept of beam balanceTime - Unit of timeTime - Time-measuring devicesFundamental physical quantitiesDerived physical quantities and their units - Combinations and unit determinationDimensions - DefinitionDimensions - Simple examplesLimitations of experimental measurements - Accuracy of instrumentsLimitations of experimental measurements - Simple estimation of errorsLimitations of experimental measurements - Significant figuresLimitations of experimental measurements - Standard formMeasurement, position, distance and displacement - Concept of displacementMeasurement, position, distance and displacement - Distinction between distance and displacementMeasurement, position, distance and displacement - Concept of position and coordinatesMeasurement, position, distance and displacement - Frame of referenceScalars and VectorsDefinition of scalar and vector quantitiesExamples of scalar and vector quantitiesRelative velocityResolution of vectors into two perpendicular directionsMotionTypes of motion: translational, oscillatory, rotational, spin and randomRelative motionCauses of motionTypes of force - ContactTypes of force - Force fieldLinear motion - Speed, velocity and accelerationLinear motion - Equations of uniformly accelerated motionLinear motion - Motion under gravityLinear motion - Distance-time graph and velocity-time graphLinear motion - Instantaneous velocity and accelerationProjectiles - Calculation of range, maximum height and time of flightProjectiles - Applications of projectile motionNewton's laws of motion - Inertia, mass and forceNewton's laws of motion - Relationship between mass and accelerationNewton's laws of motion - Impulse and momentumNewton's laws of motion - Force-time graphNewton's laws of motion - Conservation of linear momentumMotion in a circle - Angular velocity and angular accelerationMotion in a circle - Centripetal and centrifugal forcesMotion in a circle - ApplicationsSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Definition and explanationSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Examples of systemsSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Period, frequency and amplitudeSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Velocity and accelerationSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Energy changeSimple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) - Force vibration and resonanceGravitational FieldNewton's law of universal gravitationGravitational potentialConservative and non-conservative fieldsAcceleration due to gravityVariation of g on the earth's surfaceDistinction between mass and weightEscape velocityParking orbit and weightlessnessEquilibrium of ForcesEquilibrium of particles - Coplanar forcesEquilibrium of particles - Triangles and polygon of forcesEquilibrium of particles - Lami's theoremPrinciples of moments - Moment of a forcePrinciples of moments - Simple treatment and moment of a couple (torque)Principles of moments - ApplicationsConditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies - Resolution and composition of forcesConditions for equilibrium of rigid bodies - Resultant and equilibrantCentre of gravity and stability - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibraWork, Energy and PowerDefinition of work, energy and powerForms of energyConservation of energyQualitative treatment between different forms of energyInterpretation of area under the force-distance curveEnergy and society - Sources of energyEnergy and society - Renewable and non-renewable energyEnergy and society - Uses of energyEnergy and society - Energy and developmentEnergy and society - Energy diversificationEnergy and society - Environmental impact of energyEnergy and society - Energy crisesEnergy and society - Conversion of energyEnergy and society - Devices used in energy productionDams and energy production - Location of damsDams and energy production - Energy productionNuclear energySolar energy - Solar collectorSolar energy - Solar panel for energy supplyFrictionStatic and dynamic frictionCoefficient of limiting friction and its determinationAdvantages and disadvantages of frictionReduction of frictionQualitative treatment of viscosity and terminal velocityStoke's lawSimple MachinesDefinition of simple machinesTypes of machinesMechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machinesElasticity: Hooke's Law and Young's ModulusElastic limit, yield point, breaking point, Hooke's law and Young's modulusThe spring balance as a device for measuring forceWork done per unit volume in springs and elastic stringsPressureAtmospheric Pressure - DefinitionAtmospheric Pressure - Units of pressure (Pa)Atmospheric Pressure - Measurement of pressureAtmospheric Pressure - Simple mercury barometer, aneroid barometer and manometerAtmospheric Pressure - Variation of pressure with heightAtmospheric Pressure - Use of barometer as an altimeterPressure in liquids - Relationship between pressure, depth and density (P=pgh)Pressure in liquids - Transmission of pressure (Pascal's Principle)Pressure in liquids - ApplicationLiquids At RestDetermination of density of solids and liquidsDefinition of relative densityUpthrust on a body immersed in a liquidArchimedes' principle and law of floatation and applicationsTemperature and Its MeasurementConcept of temperatureThermometric propertiesCalibration of thermometersTemperature scales – Celsius and KelvinTypes of thermometersConversion from one scale of temperature to anotherThermal ExpansionSolids - Definition and determination of linear, volume and area expansivitiesSolids - Effects and applicationsSolids - Relationship between different expansivitiesLiquids - Volume expansivityLiquids - Real and apparent expansivitiesLiquids - Determination of volume expansivityLiquids - Anomalous expansion of waterGas LawsBoyle's law (isothermal process)Charles' law (isobaric process)Pressure law (volumetric process)Absolute zero of temperatureGeneral gas equation: PV/T = constantIdeal gas equation Pv = nRTVan der waal gasQuantity of HeatHeat as a form of energyDefinition of heat capacity and specific heat capacity of solids and liquidsDetermination of heat capacity and specific heat capacity by simple methodsChange of StateLatent heatSpecific latent heats of fusion and vaporizationMelting, evaporation and boilingInfluence of pressure and dissolved substances on boiling and melting pointsApplication in appliancesVapoursUnsaturated and saturated vapoursRelationship between saturated vapour pressure (S.V.P) and boilingDetermination of S.V.P by barometer tube methodFormation of dew, mist, fog, clouds and rainStudy of dew point, humidity and relative humidityHygrometry: estimation of atmospheric humidityStructure of Matter and Kinetic TheoryMolecular nature of matter - Atoms and moleculesMolecular nature of matter - Molecular theory: Brownian motion, diffusion, surface tension, capillarity, adhesion, cohesion and angles of contact law of definite proportionMolecular nature of matter - Examples and applicationsKinetic Theory - AssumptionsKinetic Theory - Explanation of gas pressure, Boyle's law, Charles' law, phase changes, evaporationHeat TransferConduction, convection and radiation as modes of heat transferTemperature gradient, thermal conductivity and heat fluxEffect of surface nature on energy radiated and absorbedConductivities of common materialsThe thermos flask and vacuum flaskLand and sea breezeCombustion engineWavesProduction and Propagation - Wave motionProduction and Propagation - Vibrating systems as source of wavesProduction and Propagation - Waves as mode of energy transferProduction and Propagation - Distinction between particle motion and wave motionProduction and Propagation - Relationship between frequency, wavelength and wave velocity (V=fλ)Production and Propagation - Phase difference, wave number and wave vectorProduction and Propagation - Progressive wave equationClassification - Types of waves: mechanical and electromagneticClassification - Longitudinal and transverse wavesClassification - Stationary and progressive wavesClassification - Examples of waves from springs, ropes, stretched strings and ripple tankCharacteristics/Properties - Reflection, refraction, diffraction and plane polarizationCharacteristics/Properties - Superposition of waves (interference)Characteristics/Properties - BeatsCharacteristics/Properties - Doppler effects (qualitative treatment only)Propagation of Sound WavesNecessity for a material mediumSpeed of sound in solids, liquids and airReflection of sound: echoes, reverberation and their applicationsAdvantages and disadvantages of echoes and reverberationsCharacteristics of Sound WavesNoise and musical notesQuality, pitch, intensity and loudness and their application to musical instrumentsSimple treatment of harmonics and overtones produced by vibrating strings and air columnsLight EnergySources of Light - Natural and artificial sourcesSources of Light - Luminous and non-luminous objectsPropagation of light - Speed, frequency and wavelengthPropagation of light - Formation of shadows and eclipsePropagation of light - The pin-hole cameraReflection of Light at Plane and Curved SurfacesLaws of reflectionApplication of reflection of lightFormation of images by plane, concave and convex mirrors and ray diagramsUse of the mirror formulaLinear and angular magnificationRefraction of Light Through Plane and Curved SurfacesExplanation of refraction in terms of velocity of light in the mediaLaws of refractionDefinition of refractive index of a mediumDetermination of refractive index of glass and liquid using Snell's lawReal and apparent depth and lateral displacementCritical angle and total internal reflectionGlass Prism - Use of the minimum deviation formulaGlass Prism - Type of lenses: triangular, rectangular etcGlass Prism - Use of lens formula and Newton's formulaGlass Prism - MagnificationOptical InstrumentsGeneral principles of microscopes, telescopes, projectors, cameras and the human eyePower of a lensAngular magnificationNear and far pointsSight defects and their correctionsDispersion of Light and Colours & Electromagnetic SpectrumDispersion of white light by a triangular PrismProduction of pure spectrumColour mixing by addition and subtractionColour of objects and colour filtersRainbow and formationElectromagnetic spectrum - Description of sources and uses of various types of radiationElectrostaticsExistence of positive and negative charges in matterCharging a body by friction, contact and inductionElectroscopeCoulomb's inverse square law, electric field and potentialElectric field intensity potential and potential differenceElectric discharge and lightningCapacitorsTypes and functions of capacitorsParallel plate capacitorsCapacitance of a capacitorRelationship between capacitance, area separation of plates and medium (C = EA/d)Capacitors in series and parallelEnergy stored in a capacitorElectric CellsSimple voltaic cell and its defectsDaniel cell, Leclanche cell (wet and dry)Lead-acid accumulator and Nickel-Iron (Nife) Lithium Ion and Mercury cadmiumMaintenance of cells and batteriesArrangement of cellsEfficiency of a cellCurrent ElectricityElectromagnetic force (emf), potential difference (p.d.), current, internal resistance of a cell and lost VoltOhm's law, resistivity and conductivityMeasurement of resistanceMeter bridgeResistance in series and in parallel and their combinationPotentiometer method of measuring emf, current and internal resistance of a cellElectrical networksElectrical Energy and PowerConcepts of electrical energy and powerCommercial unit of electric energy and powerElectric power transmissionHeating effects of electric currentElectrical wiring of housesUse of fusesMagnets and Magnetic FieldsNatural and artificial magnetsMagnetic properties of soft iron and steelMethods of making magnets and demagnetizationConcept of magnetic fieldMagnetic field of a permanent magnetMagnetic field round a straight current carrying conductor, circular wire and solenoidProperties of the earth's magnetic fieldFlux and flux densityVariation of magnetic field intensity over the earth's surfaceApplications: earth's magnetic field in navigation and mineral explorationForce on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic FieldQuantitative treatment of force between two parallel current-carrying conductorsForce on a charge moving in a magnetic fieldThe d. c. motorElectromagnetsCarbon microphoneMoving coil and moving iron instrumentsConversion of galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeter using shunts and multipliersSensitivity of a galvanometerElectromagnetic Induction, Inductance, and Eddy CurrentElectromagnetic Induction - Faraday's lawsElectromagnetic Induction - Factors affecting induced emfElectromagnetic Induction - Lenz's law as an illustration of conservation of energyElectromagnetic Induction - A.C. and D.C. generatorsElectromagnetic Induction - TransformersElectromagnetic Induction - The induction coilInductance - ExplanationInductance - Unit of inductanceInductance - Energy stored in an inductor (E = 1/2 IL^2)Inductance - Application/uses of inductorsEddy Current - ReductionEddy Current - ApplicationsSimple A. C. CircuitsExplanation of A.C. current and voltagePeak and R.M.S. valuesA.C. source connected to a resistorA.C. source connected to a capacitor (capacitive reactance)A.C. source connected to an inductor (inductive reactance)R-L-C circuitsVector diagram, phase angle and power factorResistance and impedanceEffective voltage in an R-L-C circuitResonance and resonance frequency (Fo = 1 / (2π√(LC)))Conduction of Electricity ThroughLiquids - Electrolytes and non-electrolyteLiquids - Concept of electrolysisLiquids - Faraday's laws of electrolysisLiquids - Application of electrolysisGases - Discharge through gases (qualitative treatment only)Gases - Application of conduction of electricity through gasesElementary Modern Physics - Bohr's TheoryModels of the atom and their limitationsElementary structure of the atomEnergy levels and spectraThermionic and photoelectric emissionsEinstein's equation and stopping potentialApplications of thermionic emissions and photoelectric effectsSimple method of production of x-raysProperties and applications of alpha, beta and gamma raysHalf-life and decay constantSimple ideas of production of energy by fusion and fissionBinding energy, mass defect and Einstein's Energy equation (ΔE = ΔMc^2)Wave-particle (duality of matter)Electron diffractionThe uncertainty principleIntroductory ElectronicsDistinction between metals, semiconductors and insulators (elementary knowledge of band gap is required)Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors (n-type and p-type semiconductors)Uses of semiconductors and diodes in rectification and transistors in amplificationElementary knowledge of diodes and transistorsMotion Force Circular MotionNeutral EquilibriumThermodynamicsLight And OpticsSimple MachineEquilibrium Of Forces 1Projectile Motion
