Learn/NABTEB/Syllabus/BiologyStudy this course in LearnPractice opens in your NABTEB workspace after you sign in. Questions and lecture notes stay there.Practice this courseOpen lecture notesOfficial rules, eligibility, and dates stay on the NABTEB guide.course outlineConcept of BiologyExplain Biology as a science - Define scienceExplain Biology as a science - Biology as a branch of scienceExplain Biology as a science - Importance of Biology to manExplain Biology as a science - Procedures in scientific methodsExplain Biology as a science - Contributions of Robert Hooke, Theodore Schwann, Mathias Scheiden, Carl Linnaeus and Gregor MendelThe Scope of BiologyExplain the scope of Biology - BotanyExplain the scope of Biology - ZoologyExplain the scope of Biology - GeneticsExplain the scope of Biology - EcologyExplain the scope of Biology - EvolutionExplain the scope of Biology - MicrobiologyExplain the inter-relationship of various branches of BiologyGeneral Characteristics of Living and Non-living ThingsExplain the general concept of living and non-living things - General characteristics of living, non-living and dead thingsExplain the general concept of living and non-living things - Examples of living, non-living and dead thingsExplain the general concept of living and non-living things - External features and life history of major groups of plants and animals (e.g. Bacillus bacterium, Amoeba)Plants and AnimalsExplain the differences between plants and animals - Characteristics of a named plant and a named animalExplain the differences between plants and animals - Distinctions between a named plant and a named animalExplain the differences between plants and animals - Euglena as plant and animalDiversity Among Living ThingsClassify plants and animals - Principle of classification of plants and animals into classes and phylaClassify plants and animals - Characteristics/features of each phylum or divisions of plants and animalsClassify plants and animals - External features and life history of an animal and a plant from phylum (e.g. vertebrate and angiospermae)MicroscopeIdentify the parts of a microscope - Parts of a microscopeIdentify the parts of a microscope - Functions of each part of the microscopeIdentify the parts of a microscope - Maintenance of microscopeCells as Basic Units of Living ThingsOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Plant and animal cellsOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Distinctions between plant and animal cellsOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Cell organellesOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Components of cells and their functionsOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Single and free-living organisms (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena virids and chlamydomonas)Outline the differences between plants and animals cells - Colonial organisms (e.g. volvox Eudorina)Outline the differences between plants and animals cells - Filament (e.g. Spirogyra, Oscillatory)Outline the differences between plants and animals cells - Distinction among single and free-living organisms, colony and filamentOutline the differences between plants and animals cells - Differentiate between groups of cells forming tissues vs. colonies/filamentsCell OrganisationExplain levels of organization and complexity - Single-celled organisms (e.g. Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, chlamydomonas)Explain levels of organization and complexity - Tissue (e.g Hydra, Obelia, Sea Anemones)Explain levels of organization and complexity - Organ (e.g. bulb (onion) rhizomes, heart as pumping organ)Explain levels of organization and complexity - System in mammals and flowering plants (e.g. reproductive system, excretory systems)Explain levels of organization and complexity - Complexity of organization in higher organisms: advantages and disadvantagesCell and its Environment (Physical and Biophysical Processes in Cell)Explain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Define diffusionExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Define osmosisExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Define turgidityExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Define plasmolysisExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Sites and conditions for occurrence of diffusion, osmosis, turgidity and plasmolysisExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Distinction between Osmosis and plasmolysis using specific examplesExplain the physical and biophysical processes in cell - Importance of diffusion and osmosis to lifeProperties and Functions of the Living CellExplain Nutrition in living cell - Autotrophic (Photosynthesis)Explain Nutrition in living cell - Heterotrophic (holozoic) saprophytic, symbiotic parasitic saprozoic and other special methods of nutritionExplain Nutrition in living cell - Mineral nutrition: Macro and Micro nutrientsExplain cellular respiration - Definition and processes of aerobic respirationExplain cellular respiration - Definition and processes of anaerobic respiration and energy releaseExplain excretion in living cells - Excretion in single-celled aquatic organismExplain excretion in living cells - Waste products of metabolism in plants and animalsExplain growth in living cells - Basis of growth: cell division (mitosis) enlargement and differentiationExplain growth in living cells - Aspects of growthExplain growth in living cells - Regions of fastest growth in plantsExplain growth in living cells - Influence of growth hormones (auxins)Explain growth in living cells - TropismsExplain reproduction in living cell - Definition of reproductionExplain reproduction in living cell - Types of reproduction: Asexual and SexualExplain reproduction in living cell - Asexual reproduction: FissionExplain reproduction in living cell - Asexual reproduction: Budding and spore formationExplain reproduction in living cell - Asexual reproduction: Vegetative propagationExplain reproduction in living cell - Sexual reproduction: ConjugationExplain reproduction in living cell - Sexual reproduction: Formation of male and female gametes (Meiosis)Explain reproduction in living cell - Sexual reproduction: Fusion of gametes (fertilization)Flowering PlantsExplain the external and internal features of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants - External features of a named dicotyledonous flowering plantExplain the external and internal features of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants - External features of a named monocotyledonous plantExplain the external and internal features of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants - Function of the different parts of the flowering plantExplain the external and internal features of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants - Internal structure of the root stem and leaf of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plantsExplain reproduction in plants - Reproduction in plantsExplain reproduction in plants - Distinction between sexual and asexual reproductionExplain reproduction in plants - Methods of asexual reproduction in plants (e.g. budding, grafting, layering, stem cutting and use of suckers)Explain reproduction in plants - Types of storage organs in plants (e.g. rhizomes, bulbs, tuber roots, corns and leaves)Explain reproduction in plants - Parts of flowersExplain reproduction in plants - Structure and function of the male and female parts of the flowerExplain reproduction in plants - Types of pollinationExplain reproduction in plants - Features of cross-pollinated and self-pollinated flowersExplain reproduction in plants - Agents of pollination and their adaptive featuresExplain reproduction in plants - Fertilization in flowering plantsExplain reproduction in plants - Distinction between seed and fruitExplain reproduction in plants - Classification of fruits and seedsExplain reproduction in plants - Agents of dispersal of fruits and seedsExplain reproduction in plants - Germination: Conditions necessary for germination (e.g. adequate moisture, oxygen and suitable temperature)Explain reproduction in plants - Germination: Types of germination in plants (hypogeal and epigeal)Explain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Definition of transpirationExplain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Mechanism of transpirationExplain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Sites of transpiration in plants (lenticel & stomata)Explain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Transpiration pull in plantsExplain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Factors affecting transpirationExplain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Importance of transpiration to plantsExplain transpiration and mineral requirements in plants - Importance of mineral elements to plantsExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Definition of photosynthesisExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Identification of parts of plants where photosynthesis takes place (e.g. leaf, stem)Explain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Process of photosynthesisExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Conditions necessary for photosynthesisExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Importance of photosynthesis (Macro and Micro trace/elements, effect of mineral deficiency, Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and water cycles (Nutrient cycling))Explain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Definition of respirationExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Identification of parts of plants where gaseous exchange takes placeExplain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Respiration in all living cells (Glycolysis and Krebs' cycle)Explain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Distinction between respiration and photosynthesis (catabolism and anabolism)Explain the importance of photosynthesis and respiration in plants - Differences between respiration, combustion and fermentationExplain tropism in plants - Definition of tropism in plantsExplain tropism in plants - Forms of tropism in plantsExplain tropism in plants - Mechanism of tropismsExplain tropism in plants - Role of auxins in plants tropismsExplain tropism in plants - Role of cytokinins, gibberellin in flowering, fruit ripening and leaf fallExplain tropism in plants - Other types of movement in plants (e.g. nastic movement and tactic movement)Soil ScienceExplain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Constituents of soil and their importanceExplain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Types of soilExplain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Characteristics of each soil type (physical, chemical and biological)Explain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Processes of soil formationExplain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Soil structure and its water retention capacityExplain the constituents, structure and characteristics of soil - Capillarity and porosity of soil samples of different types of soilExplain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Concept of soil erosionExplain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Various forms of soil erosion (e.g. rill, sheet, gully and splash or rain drop)Explain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Other forms by which soil can lose its fertility (e.g. leaching, surface compacting)Explain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Prevention of soil erosionExplain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Various forms of cultivation (e.g. crop rotation, mono-cropping, mixed cropping, etc.)Explain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Economic importance of various forms of cultivationExplain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Roles of microorganisms in maintaining soil fertilityExplain the various methods of soil and water conservation and improvement - Importance of water conservation (afforestation and wild life conservation)Invertebrates (External Features)Explain the external features and characteristics of invertebrate animals - General characteristic features of invertebrate animalsExplain the external features and characteristics of invertebrate animals - Classification of invertebrate to their phylum (e.g. amoeba, paramecium, hydra, tapeworm etc.)Explain the external features and characteristics of invertebrate animals - WormsExplain the external features and characteristics of invertebrate animals - Life history of invertebrate (e.g. Amoeba etc.)Explain the external features and characteristics of invertebrate animals - Economic importance of invertebrateVertebrataExplain the external features and characteristics of vertebrate animals - General characteristic features of vertebrate animalsExplain the external features and characteristics of vertebrate animals - Specific characteristic features of vertebrates (pisces, amphibians, reptilia, aves and mammals)Explain the external features and characteristics of vertebrate animals - Classification of vertebratesExplain the external features and characteristics of vertebrate animals - External features, life history and adaptation to environment of each of the vertebrate groupsSupporting Systems in AnimalsExplain the different types of skeletons and supporting systems in animals - Biological significance of skeleton and supporting system of animals (protection, support, locomotion/movement and respiratory movement)Explain the different types of skeletons and supporting systems in animals - Skeletal material (e.g. chitin, cartilage and bones)Explain the different types of skeletons and supporting systems in animals - Distinction between types of skeletonBones of the SkeletonExplain the different types of bones that make up the mammalian skeleton - General plan of the mammalian skeletonExplain the different types of bones that make up the mammalian skeleton - Components of the axial and appendicular skeletonTypes of Joints in AnimalsDescribe the types of joints in mammals, their locations and functions - Types of joints in mammals (e.g. movable and immovable joints, ball and socket joints etc.)Describe the types of joints in mammals, their locations and functions - Location and functions of each jointDescribe the types of joints in mammals, their locations and functions - Role of muscles in movementDescribe the types of joints in mammals, their locations and functions - The function of articular cartilageAnimal NutritionIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Types of heterotrophic nutrition in animals (holozoic, parasitic symbiotic, saprophytic)Identify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Classes and sources of food substances in manIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Importance of the classes of food in human dietIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Importance of balanced diet to good healthIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Diseases of man associated with deficiencies of protein, vitamins and mineralsIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Symptoms associated with diseases mentioned aboveIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Methods of curing the diseasesIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Digestive system in manIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Mechanism involved in ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestionIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Functions of liver and pancreasIdentify the mode of feeding in animals and explain the digestive system in man - Distinction between autotrophic modes of nutritionMammalian DentitionExplain the structure of mammalian teeth, types, functions and diseases - Structure of a mammalian toothExplain the structure of mammalian teeth, types, functions and diseases - Types of teeth and their functionsExplain the structure of mammalian teeth, types, functions and diseases - Mammalian dentition as related to the types of food they feed onExplain the structure of mammalian teeth, types, functions and diseases - Dental careCirculatory System in MammalsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Circulatory system in mammalsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Heart structure and functionExplain circulatory system in mammals - Components of circulatory systems and their functionsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Blood vessels structure and functionsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Processes of blood circulation in mammalsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Types of circulatory systemsExplain circulatory system in mammals - Components of bloodExplain circulatory system in mammals - Functions of bloodExplain circulatory system in mammals - Distinction among single, double, open and closed systems of circulationDescribe the mechanism of blood clotting and first-aid treatment - Bleeding (external and internal)Describe the mechanism of blood clotting and first-aid treatment - The mechanism of blood clottingDescribe the mechanism of blood clotting and first-aid treatment - First-aid treatment of bleeding and snake bitesRespiration in MammalsExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Definition of respirationExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Types of respirationExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Distinction between aerobic and anaerobic respirationExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Respiratory organs in animalsExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Components of the respiratory system in mammalsExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Mechanisms of gaseous exchange in fish, toad, and mammalsExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Distinction between inhalation and exhalationExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Role of oxygen in tissue respirationExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Kreb's cycle: Glycolysis in cytoplasm and Kreb's cycle in mitochondrionExplain the process of respiration and the respiratory organs in mammals - Compare respiration, combustion, fermentation and glycolysisExcretion in MammalsExplain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Excretory organs of mammals and their productsExplain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Structure of the kidneyExplain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Processes of excretion as carried out by the kidneyExplain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Disease of the kidney (causes, symptoms & precautions/control)Explain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Mammalian skinExplain the different excretory organs and excretory products of mammals - Process of excretion by the skinCoordination In MammalsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Components of the central and peripheral nervous systemExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - External structure of the brain and spinal cord and their functionsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Structure and functions of somatic and autonomic nervous systemsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Structure and functions of the neuronsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Classification of the neuronsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Transmission of nerve impulses by a change in electrical potentialExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Distinction between reflex and voluntary actionsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Paths of reflex arcExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Principal sense organs (eye, ear, nose, skin, etc) and their functionsExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Structure of the eye, ear and skinExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Eye defects and their methods of correctionExplain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Functions and effects of over and under-secretion of hormones (e.g. thyroxin, insulin, adrenalin and sex hormone)Explain the component of the central and peripheral nervous system in mammals - Maintenance of constant body temperature in mammalsBasic Concepts of GeneticsExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Terminologies used in genetics (e.g. gene, chromosomes, dominance, recessive, hybrid, genotype, phenotype, filial generation, back-cross, complete & incomplete dominance, allele or allelomorphic pairs, etc.)Explain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Mendelian laws of inheritanceExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Simple monohybrid crosses by the use of Punnet squareExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Genetic studies as applied to agriculture and healthExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Principle of back-crossing (e.g. red and white flowers where red is dominant over white)Explain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Sex determination in mammalsExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Distinction between monohybrid and dihybrid crossExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Methods of carrying out grafting in a named plantExplain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Types of local plant which can be propagated by grafting (e.g. oranges, mangoes, rubber, etc.)Explain the basic terms used in genetics, the Mendelian laws of inheritance and the applications of genetics - Applications of genetics to health (e.g. sickle cell anaemia, blood grouping, haemophilia etc.)Basic Ecological ConceptsExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Components of ecosystem and sizes (ecological components, biosphere, habitat, population, biotic community, ecosystem)Explain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Biotic and abiotic as a component of the ecosystemExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Ecological factors in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem - Ecological successionExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Simple measurement of ecological factors - Physical factors: climate, topographyExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Simple measurement of ecological factors - Edaphic factors: chemical and physical composition, moisture content and soil textureExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Definition of marine habitatExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Characteristics of Marine habitatExplain the ecosystem, ecological factors and its measurement - Major ecological zone of Marine habitat and their characteristicsExplain marine habitat - Autotrophs and heterotrophs - Producers – autotrophsExplain marine habitat - Autotrophs and heterotrophs - Consumers – heterotrophsExplain marine habitat - Autotrophs and heterotrophs - DecomposersExplain marine habitat - Tropic levels: Energy relationships: food chain and food webExplain marine habitat - Tropic levels: Pyramid of numberExplain marine habitat - Tropic levels: Pyramid of energyExplain food webs and trophic levels - Ecological succession - Primary successionExplain food webs and trophic levels - Succession in lakes, ponds estuariesExplain food webs and trophic levels - Problems of survivalExplain food webs and trophic levels - Secondary SuccessionExplain food webs and trophic levels - Energy flow: Food/energy relationship in aquatic and terrestrial habitatExplain food webs and trophic levels - Energy flow: Pyramid of energy and pyramid of numbersExplain food webs and trophic levels - Distinction between pyramid of numbers and pyramid of energyExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Energy loss in ecosystem - Solar radiation: Its intake and loss at earth's surfaceExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Energy loss in ecosystem - BiosphereExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Decomposition in nature - Decomposers (micro and macro decomposers)Explain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Decomposition in nature - Gaseous productsExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Decomposition in nature - Role of decomposersExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Associations - Types of associations (e.g. parasitism, symbiosis, saprophytism)Explain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Adaptation of organismsExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Pollution of the atmosphere - Nature, names, sources and effects of pollutantsExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Pollution of the atmosphere - Effect of noise as a pollutantExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Water and soil pollution - Types and compositionExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Water and soil pollution - Effects of the pollutantExplain energy transformation in nature and ecological management - Control measures for pollution with emphasis on regulatory bodies (e.g. FEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, UNICEF, UNDP, WHO etc.)Explain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Structure of bacteria and virusExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Distinction between bacteria and viral cellsExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Mode of transmission, symptoms, control and causative organisms of cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy, bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, gonorrhoea, syphilis, poliomyelitis, small pox and AIDSExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Vaccination and inoculation in disease control and preventionExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Sources of food poisoning and food contaminationExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Ways of preventing food poisoningExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Food preservationExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Methods of investigation of food poisoning and food contaminationExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Symptoms of various types of food contamination and food poisoningExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Classification of plants - Botanical classificationExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Classification of plants - Agricultural classificationExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Classification of plants - On the basis of life cyclesExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Effects of Agricultural activities on ecological systemsExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Pests and Diseases of Agricultural importance - PlantsExplain the various diseases of man and their causative agents - Pests and Diseases of Agricultural importance - AnimalsRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Variation in population - Morphological (e.g. size, height, weight etc.)Relevance of Biology to Agriculture - Variation in population - Colour, skin, eye, hair coat of animalsRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Variation in population - Physical (e.g. behaviour, ability to roll the tongue, ability to taste phenyl thio carbanide PTC, Blood groups)Relevance of Biology to Agriculture - Application of variations in crime detection, blood transfusion and determination of paternityRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Adaptation of survival - Competition including intra and inter species competitionRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Adaptation of survival - Relationship between competition and successionRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Structural Adaptation to: obtain foodRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Structural Adaptation to: Protect and defendRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Structural Adaptation to: Secure matesRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Structural Adaptation to: Regulate body temperatureRelevance of Biology to Agriculture - Structural Adaptation to: Conserve waterVariations and variabilityEvolution
