Learn/NABTEB/Syllabus/Motor Vehicle Mechanics WorksStudy this course in LearnPractice opens in your NABTEB workspace after you sign in. Questions and lecture notes stay there.Practice this courseOpen lecture notesOfficial rules, eligibility, and dates stay on the NABTEB guide.course outlineIntroduction to Motor VehicleIdentify and describe principle components, auxiliaries and systemsSketch and explain chassis layoutPrincipal components of motor vehicleFunctions of each principal componentPrinciples of operations of each principal componentSecuring, Locking and Sealing DevicesExplain functions, strength, and limitationsPerform securing, sealing, and locking operationsFunctions, strength, and limitations of Locking DevicesFunctions, strength, and limitations of Securing DevicesFunctions, strength, and limitations of Sealing devicesPipe union and jointsRoutine MaintenanceExplain basic operations in routine vehicle maintenanceIdentify lubricant types and uses; grease joints and top-up gear box, rear axleClean, replace and maintain oil filters, air filter, and electrical unitsTop-up brake and clutch cylinders with hydraulic fluidOperations in routine engine maintenanceTypes of lubricant and their applicationReplacement of oil filterCleaning of oil bath air-filterReplacement of pipe filter elementsChecking and topping up brake fluid reservoirChecking and topping up clutch fluid reservoirBattery MaintenanceExplain basic construction of a batteryMaintain the battery for long lifeConstruction of a battery and its componentsTopping up battery with distilled waterSecuring battery terminalsSpecific gravity of a batteryElectrolyte and battery chargingBattery testingGeneral MaintenanceExplain the basic process of routine vehicle maintenance, with emphasis on electrical units, cooling systems, brakes, clutches, and chassisProcesses of routine vehicle maintenanceElectrical Components, bulbs, fuses, horns and switchesRadiator and radiator waterFan belt adjustmentBrake pads and liningBrake and clutch pipelinesBrake drums and wheel cylindersCorrosion controlBolts and NutsWheel and Tyre RepairsInflate and vulcanize tyres and perform wheel balancingInspect and maintain road wheelsCarry out wheel alignment and change tyre to balance wearRoad wheels and tyre pressuresVulcanizing tubes and tubeless tyresWheel balancingVehicle types and tyre sizesWheel alignmentTyre rotationSpark/Compression Ignition EngineIdentify, draw line diagrams and explain constructional details of main components of a multi-cylinder engineExplain the working sequence of engines and the courses and effect of detonationExplain the use of octane and cetane ratingExplain the viscosity of lubricant and the use of additivesSketch lubricating system of an engineIdentification of the main component parts of a multi-cylinder enginesLine diagrams of multi-cylinder enginesConstructional details of cylinder blocks, heads, gaskets; cylinder lines and sumpsWorking sequence of two and four stroke enginesFunctions of a cylinder head gasketThe effects of detonationCauses and effects of detonationUse of octane and cetane ratingsOil viscosity and additivesEngine lubricating systemCooling systemFuel supply systemService Station Operation ProcedureState properties and application of fuels, lubricants, tyres, batteries and vehicle accessoriesExplain Forecourt procedure and operate the forecourt equipmentProvide efficient comprehensive forecourt salesFeatures, application and properties of fuel, lubricants, tyres, batteries and vehicle accessoriesForecourt proceduresSale of vehicle accessories and handling of cashVehicle RecoveryExplain vehicle breakdown recovery procedure and list the equipment usedCarry out vehicle recovery duties using appropriate vehicle and observe necessary safety precautionsSafety precautions for vehicle recoveryVehicle recovery proceduresTowing vehiclesFuel StorageSketch a typical fuel oil installation and enumerate precautions to avoid contaminationDescribe health hazard from mishandling fuel oil and required precautionState safety precaution for operating high pressure fuel injection system and define fuel oil propertiesDraw a cross section of a typical fuel filter and explain need for constant maintenanceFuel, oil storage and precautionsSafety precautions in fuel injection systemProperties of fuelFuel filtrationClutchExplain the construction and operation of single and multiple clutch systemsIdentify and state the characteristics of the types used in vehiclesExplain the disengagement of clutch by mechanical and hydraulic means and sketch partsIdentify tools and equipment used on clutch and diagnose faults in any clutch assemblyRemove, dismantle and repair clutch assembly and test clutch springBench test clutch assembly and fit to the vehicle and adjust free pedal clearance and road test the vehicleConstruction and operation of single and multiple plate systemsIdentification of parts and characteristics of clutchesClutch disengagement e.g. mechanical and hydraulic meansTools/equipment for servicing clutch systemChecking for faults in clutchChecking clutch assembly and testing for compressionFixing clutch unit for vehicle and testing clutch spring compressionGearboxesIdentify tools and equipment used for removal, repair and adjustment of synchromesh gear boxDescribe the construction and operation of a three-speed, a four-speed and constant mesh typeExplain the principles of synchronization, gear ratio, driving torque, bearing load and types of locking devicesState the purpose of locking and interlocking devices in the selector mechanismState the function of the free wheel and overdrive unitsTools/equipment for servicing of gearbox, spanner, screw drivers, pliers etc.Construction materials and operation of gearboxLocking, interlocking and selector mechanism in gearboxFunctions of free-wheel, and over drive units and lubrication method of gearboxPrinciples of gears and automatic gearboxChecking gearbox for faults, dismantle, reassemble and test for efficiencyGear LinkagesExplain the principles of gearing and sketch various layout of gear trainSketch the layout and construction of the parts of chassis, suspension and steering mechanismState the purpose of locking and inter-locking devices in the selector mechanismState the function of the final drive gears and different assembly and test gearbox for correct gear ratiosRefit assembled gearbox to engine and road test a vehicle fitted with a reconditioned gearboxGear trains and principles of gearing simple train, compound train and epicylic gearingLayout and construction of component parts of suspension and steering systemSelector mechanism. Locking and interlocking devicesFunctions of different units, final drive and gearboxInspection of gear box for faults dismantling and road testingPropeller/Drive Shaft ReconditioningExplain its principles of operations mode of construction, layout, assemblyExplain the principles of road and the drive reaction in relation to the action of propeller jointIdentify various tools and equipment used for repairExplain the concept of motion and change in velocity in relation to change in drive angleDescribe the types of universal joints used on vehicles and the principle of operations of front wheel drive and its advantagesExplain and sketch the propeller shaft in transmission system and diagnose faults on itPrinciples of operation of propeller shaft and drive shaftConstruction of propeller shaft and drive shaftIdentification of tools/equipment for servicing of propeller and drive shaftsPrinciples of operations of front wheel and other drivesFunctions of propeller and sketch of component partsFaults on drive shaft, road wheel and propeller shaftPropeller Shaft MaintenanceDismantle in correct sequence and assess for wear on joints, coupling, bearings and replaced damaged unitAssemble with correct procedure and road test vehicle for effectiveness after repairDismantling universal joints for faults, repair and test for efficiencyFinal Drive and Differential UnitExplain the functions of the differential and display types of axle drive and arrangementsSketch component parts and calculate pre-load torque with spring balanceState the principles of operations of the differential and final drivesDiagnose faults, remove, repair, replace and adjust final drive assemblyDismantle and clean and assess degree of wearReplace worn parts and reassembleFunctions of the differential unit – crown wheel pinion etc.Types of differential unitSketching component parts of differential unit, drive shaft and propeller shaftState the principles of their operationsCalculation of pre-load and torqueInspection of differential units for faults dismantling reassemble and testing e.g. Drive Pinion Axle, Differential Case, Pinion Gear, Shaft etc.Final Drive AdjustmentAdjust the crown wheel and pinion into correct mesh ensuring required backlashExamine axle-shaft splines for wear and replace if necessaryExamine hub for wear, replace, adjust and road-test for efficiencyAdjustment of pinion, crown wheel, shaft within the axle unitExamination of hub back axle shaft for faults in dismantling and testingMulti-Drive AxlesExplain the operations of double reduction and describe process of adjustment and maintenance of a multi-drive axleDraw layout of four-wheel drive and carry outOperation of double reduction axle and other drivesMaintenance of multi-drive axleSketching and explanation of four wheel drive and other axle drivesTypes of axle shaftMaterials for construction axleChassis Components and LayoutState and sketch the principles of chassis layout and explain the basic working principles of various typesIdentify the current system and select tools and equipment required and adjustmentCarry out routine maintenance on the system and fit replacement members for bracketCarry out chassis adjustment and assess wear on gears of steering boxAssess wear on joints, hub, stub, axle and swive pin assemblies. Renew if necessaryExplain and sketch suspension systemPrinciples of chassis layoutBasic working principles of various types of suspension systemIdentification and selection of tools/equipment for the maintenance of chassis suspension and steering systemChecking chassis for faultsTypes of steering and steering boxes e.g worm and worm wheelSteering faultsPrinciples of operations for suspension system - independent front suspension – Air suspension, metal springs etc.Steering Construction and RepairExplain the principles of steering construction and describe the steering gear layoutState 'Ackerman' angle and carry out steering geometry, check the adjustmentEnumerate the effect of defects in suspension and steering on types wearSketch the layout and construction of the part of the suspension and steering systemDescribe types of vehicle bodies and explain the functions of steering termsDescribe the rack and pinion steering assembly and the action of the main types of steering box in use todayPrinciples of steering construction in a motor vehicleSteering layout-beam types, independent front suspensionEffects of defects in chassis suspension and steering systemsTypes of vehicle bodyPrinciples of Ackerman linkage – Ackerman angle, Camber, King Pin, Inclination, Tow-in Toe-out, under steering, over-steering slip angle and their adjustmentsRack and Pinion assembly e.g. component, adjustment, attachment to vehicle, lubrication, operation etc.Braking SystemExplain the principles of the various braking system and the basic concept of friction and its application on hydraulic brakesState the working principles of exhaust braking system and its operationExplain the concept of friction and co-efficient of friction and performance of braking effort on different surfaces and weatherCalculate stopping distance of vehicle and diagnose and rectify faults with the braking systemAssess wear and locate and rectify leakages in hydraulic and air systemRepair brakes and adjust and bleed the line to expel air in the systemDescribe the operation process of various braking mechanism and check airline pressure for leakageSketch various layout of braking system component parts in detailState the safety precautions to be observed with brake fluidTest vehicle braking system and road testExplain the process of wheel balancing and the basic construction of tyres and different types sizesPrinciples of braking systemBasic concepts of friction as applied to braking systemWorking principles of exhaust braking systemCalculation of stopping distanceAssessment of braking system for faultsServicing of braking systemPrinciples of operation of fixed and floating camsSingle and Multi-piston masterAirline pressureBraking system component partsBrake fluidBasic construction of tyres and wheel balancingEngine Tuning, Testing and Faults DiagnosisExplain the working principles of petrol engines and functions of the following: piston, rings, gudgeon, pinsExplain the principles of different types of carburetors and service most commonly usedExplain the operations and use of contact breakerClean and adjust contact breakersDescribe the function of a retard and advance mechanismService and test mechanical or vacuum automatic ignition advance mechanismExplain the general principles and types of combustion chamber designMaintain and adjust spark plugsDraw and explain the operations of fuel pumpsCarry out complete engine tuningWorking principles of single and multi-cylinder enginesTypes and functions of piston, rings and gudgeon pinDifferences between single and multi-cylinder enginesPrinciples of operations of different carburetors e.g. Zenith, Solex, S. U. single and double barrel carburetorsOperations and servicing of contact breakerFunctions and servicing of ignition retard and advance mechanismValve and ignition timingTypes of combustion chambers designChecking and testing concave flat piston head, ignition componentsServicing of spark plugs, diatrobusterOperations and testing of fuel lift pumpsCompression textTightening sequence of cylinder head studs and nut, bolts, etc.Engine tuningCarburetors servicingFuel System ReconditioningDescribe the general layout and explain the working principles of the fuel system of a motor vehicleList types of carburetor and describe the actions of a lift pumpTrace and repair leakages in a fuel systemGeneral layout and working principles of fuel system: tank, lines fuel pumpPrinciples and functions of simple and multi-jet carburetorsTypes of carburetors and mixture controlAction of a lift pump and the need for a bleed system of controlling mixtureCold starting devices - e.g. chokeServicing and testing fuel pumpTracing and Repairing of faults in fuel systemValvesExplain the working principles of valvesRecognise cams and camshafts drive arrangementExplain various engine layoutAdjust valve to fine-tune engineSketch and label a typical timing diagram for a spark ignition engine and distinguish from the timing diagram between a C.I and S.I engineDescribe valve terms and carry out valve timing with special reference to the termsBasic principles of valveCams and Camshaft drive arrangementLayout of various engine valve, gear arrangement etc.Engine faults diagnosisAdjustment of valvesFine-tuning of the engineValve timing diagram for S.I and C.I engineDefine valve overlapDefine valve leadDefine valve lagValve timingIgnition System RepairExplain the working principles of an ignition systemDiagnose and maintain a spark ignition systemWorking principles of an ignition system of a motor vehicleIgnition system faultsIgnition system components parts e.g. spark plugs, distributors, condenseIgnition timingCooling System Repair (Air/Water)Explain the functions of the cooling systemExplain how heat is dissipated in air cooled engineList and describe faults attributable to air cooled engineWorking principles and functions of engine cooling systemMain feature of cooling systemHeat dissipation in air-cooled engineFaults associated with air and liquid cooled engines and how to rectify themFan and Cowl air cooling assemblyTemperature control of the cooling system thermostatTypes of water pump and their functionsAdjustment of fan beltsSafety PrecautionsApply safety and use manual or service tools correctlySafety environmentService manual and service toolsStandardize jobsCorrect techniquesCompression Ignition EngineExplain the principle of atomization and its usageExplain the types and functions of the combustion chamber as related to C. I. EngineExplain the characteristics of various types of nozzle design and pressure braking point of injector nozzleDiagnose faults and remove injector assemblyIdentify various hand tools and equipment for removal, assembling, adjustment and testing of injectorsInspect injector component parts for wear and replace defective onesAssemble component parts and test with standard equipmentDescribe the process of fuel filtrationSketch various types of injectors and nozzlePrinciples of atomizationTypes and function of C.I. engine combustion chambersCharacteristics of various nozzleFault diagnosing in engineServicing of fuel injectorsFuel strainer primary and secondarySketch the various types of nozzlesFuel Injector SystemState the working principles of in-line and rotary pump and define the need and process of phasing the in-line pumpExplain the principle of petrol injection system and repair in-line and rotary pumpsOverhaul and time the two pumps and calibrate and describe the pump rooms and test equipmentApply the safety with fuel oil testing procedureDescribe injector functions and sketch the component parts of the fuel injectorInstal injector pump, changes filters, clean fuel tanks, and bleed the systemRemove injector pump and inspect components parts for wear and serviceability and reassemblePhase and calibrate to the manufacturers specifications and describe the provision for adjustment on the governorsExplain the method of end time in-line pump on engine and with diagram the operation of distributors type pumpsExplain the action of the mechanical and hydraulic governors in relation to the distributor type pump and the common faults which would make the mechanical governors misoperativeWorking principles of in-line and rotary pumpsNeed and processes of phasing and calibrating of in-line pumpPrinciples of petrol injection systemRepairing of the in-line and rotary pumpsOverhauling of in-line and rotary pumpsOverhauling of in-line and rotary injector pumpsSafety and health precautionsFunctions of injectorsComponent parts of fuel injector e.g. injection pump, assembly - feed pump, fuel filter etc.Removal and installation of injector pumpCleaning the system parts and changing filtersProvision for governors e.g. hydraulic, mechanical and pneumaticReview of DPA operationsAction of the Hydraulic, mechanical governors, and distributor type pumpCommon faults in the Mechanical governorsEngine Tuning, Testing and Faults Diagnosis (Diesel)Explain the operation of the diesel engine and the concept of pressure negative and positive and the relationship between volume and pressureExplain the working principle of fuel injection system and replace fuel filter correctlyService and test injectors and replace and retime the pumps to the engineMaintain fuel lift pump and check the mechanical condition of the engine with compressed air pressureExplain the need for correct valve setting for engine noise and reset it to makers' specification with the correct toolsTest engine to adjust peak performance and fuel timing itThe four stroke circle (diesel engine)Pressure and volumeWorking of the fuel injection systemFuel filter – types and materials usedReview of servicing injectors and engine, injector pumpFuel lift pumpAssessing engine mechanical conditionSetting of valveTesting and adjusting the engine to peak performanceFuel Injection RepairExplain the purpose of bleeding of a diesel engine and how non-bleeding affects engine performanceBleed a fuel system when the engine is runningPurpose of bleeding Fuel Injection systemBleeding of fuel injection systemInjection Pump and GovernorsExplain the working principles of a fuel injection pumpsDescribe the components of fuel injection pump and governors and their functionsExplain the functions of the different types of governors used on diesel engineDiagnose faults in pumps and governorsCarry out repairs in a faulty pumps and governors and adjust for efficient running of the engineWorking principles of fuel injection pumpFuel injection pump components and their functions e.g. cam, delivery valve, control sleeve, barrel, plunger etc.Speed regulation, and control of engineFaults in pumps and governorsRepairing of faulty pumps and governorsDiesel Engine Faults and RepairDescribe the common faults and symptoms attributable to particular faults on a diesel engineCarry out various test to detect faultsRepair faults in a diesel engine and test for performanceSymptoms of common faults in the diesel engineDiagnose faultsFaults and repairs in diesel engineEngine Construction (Petrol vs Diesel)Compare the engine components of the petrol and compression ignition engine stating difference in construction and materials usedComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): pistonComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Connecting rodsComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Main bearingsComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Big end bearingsComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Crank shaftComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Valves cylinder headsComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Cylinder headsComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Cylinder blocksComparison of components used for engine construction (petrol and diesel): Fuel systemWet Sump Lubrication SystemDraw a line diagram to show the system for full flow and by-passExplain how oil is distributed by splash, mist, pressure feed systemSketch oil pumps and explain the operation of relief valvesSketch the construction of an oil through an engine oil lubricating filterDescribe the gasket and retention and explain the importance of using high grade oilState the effect of incorrect grade of oil and sources of oil contaminationShow the layout of the wet pump engine lubrication for full flow by passMethods of engine lubricationTypes of oil pump Eaton, Houboum gear types, eccentric rotary typesConstruction of oil filter showing the direction of oil flowTypes of gaskets and seals used for engine oil retentionGrade of oil and their effects on engine lubricationsSources of oil contamination e.g unburnt fuelDry Sump Lubrication SystemExplain the operation of the system and draw its line diagramsExplain the needs for crankcase ventilationSketch a typical crankcase ventilationDry sump system operations etc.Crankcase ventilationOperations of an oil pressure gaugeOil pressure switch and warning lightOperating principles of an oil coolerOil filtration in lubricating turbine engineCams and Cam ShaftSketch and label a typical cam and the method of locating the driver gear to the cam shaftExplain how end float of the cam shaft is controlled and method of camshafts driveDraw a chain tensioner and describe camshaft lubrication and locate drive gear to camshaft correctlyShape of camMethods of locating the drive gear to the camshaftControl of the end float of the cam shaftChain/timing belt tensionersMethods of camshaft lubricationCrankshaftExplain crankshaft balancing and the causes of crankshaft vibrationSketch the method of mounting crankshaft dampers and carry out crankshaft balancingPrinciples of crankshaft balancingCauses of crankshaft vibrationMethods of mounting crankshaftEngine Overhaul, Cylinder Reboring, Crankshaft GrindingExplain the operation of all types of automobile engines and state the operations involved in engine overhaulIdentify and use various tools of repair and diagnose faults by inspection and or toad testRemove engine assembly for overhauling and dismantle engine in sequenceApply the concept of limits and fits assess the suitability of worn out parts for possible re-useMeasures and determine size of crankshaft journals and pins and describe crankshaft drive arrangement for a crankshaftExplain the concept of force, torque brake, horse-power as applicable to vehicle engine and the process of replacing components of engineReassemble engine components in sequence and adjust and test run the engine using dynamometerTypes and operation of automobile enginesDismantling engine, assessment of worn out parts, decarbonization, regrinding of crankshaft and engine blockTools and equipment for component engine repairsInspecting engine faultsOverhauling of engineSequence of dismantling engine assemblyEffects and requirement of engine components e.g. piston free play, crankshaft sizesAssessment worn out parts of engineDetermination of sizes of crankshaft journals and crank pinsCrankshaft drive arrangementThe concept of force, torque, and brake horse-powerPiston and rings, con rodAdjustment and test of running engine e.g. by dynamometerCylinder ReboringExplain the process and the use of sizes in determining bore sizeCarry out cylinder rebore to specification and select piston and rings to matchProcess of reboring cylinder and determination of bore sizes e.g. suing sizesReboring cylinderSelection of piston and ring sizesCrankshaft GrindingExplain the process of crankshaft brazing and grinding and the size of bearing to fit the size of crankshaftBraze crankshaft and grindingProcess of crankshaft brazing and grindingSelection of bearing for crankshaftCrankshaft grinding machine and testing instrumentShop SafetyObserve shop safety and safe working conditions and use service manualsUse service tools and complete job to manufacturer's specificationShop safety and safe working conditionsService manuals and toolsJob completions e.g. using manufacturers specifications and timingBattery Maintenance & ChargingExplain the principles of electricity generating and electrolysis chemistry of reaction in lead acid batteryDiagnose common battery faults and their symptomsExplain storage procedure for batteries an carry out recharge on a batteryBreak down acid to obtain correct electrolyteMeasure voltage of cells when not under load and when under loadMeasure specific gravity of the electrolyteMaintain battery terminals, post and logs using warm water and Vaseline to prevent corrosionFix and secure battery to the chassisPrinciples of electricity generation and electrolysis chemistry etc. in load acid battery e.g. vehicle batteryCommon battery faults and their symptoms e.g. crack case, under charged etc.Storage procedure for batteriesInitial charging and recharging of a batteryPreparation of electrolyteTesting of batteriesBattery maintenance using anti corrosion devicesSecuring the batteryCharging SystemExplain the principles of electromagnetic action and generation of electricity (AC & DC and the principles of commutation and electrification and regulation of electricityExplain the principles of operation of electric conductor devices and diagnose faults in the charging systems and test equipmentCheck accessories for correct operation and output and rectify faults and fix replacing unitDetermine serviceability of component and bench test electrical componentsPrinciples of electromagnetic action and generation of electricityPrinciples of commutation and electrification etc.Principles of operation of electric conductor devicesChecking for operation of the following: Warning terminal and cable connection; circuit resistance; control box regulations; diodes and ammeterFaults diagnosing and rectificationDetermination of components for service-abilityStarting SystemState the principles of conservation of energy and electro-magnetismDescribe the paret played by electro-magnetic induction in energy conversionCheck and replace starter relays and solenoids switches where necessaryDetermine wear on driving mechanism and diagnose faults in the starter system using test equipmentRectify faults and fit replacement unit of the starter motor when faultyCheck the battery terminal voltage on load to get recommended readingCheck voltage drop in main inner return lines, starter motor terminalDetermine circuit resistance both on the line and return circuit of the starting pointsDetermine if starter motor component are correctly assembled and bench-testSketch the various type of starting systemPrinciples of conservation of energy and electromagnetismPart played by electromagnetismDetermination of wear on drive pinion starter, ring gear etc.Diagnosing of starter, system faults and rectification of faultsChecking of voltage, and determination of circuit resistance and current flowElectrical ComponentsState the principles of light reflection and refraction and identify the characteristics of various types of lamp unitTrace and rectify faults in the circuit and fit replacement unitsPrinciples of light reflection and refraction. (Angle of reflection, incidence normal plane. Rays and beam of light)Characteristics of various lamp units e.g. seal beam, fuse, Hans, dazzle filament lamp etc.Fault tracing and rectification in the lighting circuit, testing lamp etc.Headlamp bulbs, fused, traficator len and bulbs etc.Wiring SystemIdentify electrical wiring symbols and interpret wiring diagrams of automobileSelect correct cable size and length and test the circuitAuto electrical symbols signs e.g battery, fuse, capacitor etc.Interpretation of various diagrams e.g. insulated/earth return systemCable sizes and connectionsTesting of circuitsFaults tracing and rectificationsCoil Ignition SystemExplain the theory of spark generation by electro-magnetic induction and operation of the coilExplain angle for distribution contact breakers and describe the action of a speed sensitive and advance and retard mechanismDescribe the distribution of the high tension supply and the action of the sparkling plug and the importance of correct gap settingExplain the need for correct ignition fixing and the effect of incorrect ignition timingTheory of spark generation by electro magnetic and importance of correct gap settingIgnition coil operation and H.T. current distributionRelationship between gap size and dwell angle for distribution contact breakerSpeed sensitive mechanismAction of the spark plugIgnition timing and its effects on timing light, distributor and good engine performance
