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LEATHER TRADES
LEATHER TANNING OPTION
- Introduction to Hides and Skins
- Principles of Leather Manufacture
- Light and Heavy Leather Production
- Leather Dyeing and Finishing
LEATHER GOODS MANUFACTURE
- Introduction to Leather Goods Manufacture
- Pattern Preparation
- Cutting and Skiving
- Sewing
- Making and Finishing
FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE
- Stitching
- Footwear Bottom Preparation
- Shoe Lasting
- Sole Attaching
- Footwear Finishing
Hides and Skin
- Sources of hides and skin and their differences.
- Equipment used in slaughter slabs and abattoir and their uses.
- Cross-section of hide and skin.
- Care of animals prior to slaughter.
- Value of hide and skin.
- Damages on hides and skin during slaughter, flaying etc.
Tools and Equipment for Slaughtering
- Tools and equipment.
- Uses of tools and equipment.
- Maintenance of tools and equipment.
- Slaughtering of animals.
Trade Terms in Hides and Skin
- Meaning of common trade terms and hides and skin regulations.
- Common trade terms e.g. fell-mongering, hinny, kip, calf, etc.
- Regulations for hides and skin.
Flaying, curing, & Storage
- Different methods of curing used in Nigeria and common commercial curing salts.
- Theory of salt penetration, importance and uses of arsenic solution.
- Use of insecticides and damages during storage.
- Curing and flaying using flaying knives and machines.
- Curing methods e.g. pickling, flinting, etc.
- Curing with salt e.g. dry and wet salting.
- Types of common curing salts e.g. fine salt, granular salt, etc.
- Salt penetration.
- Importance and uses of arsenic solutions.
- Preparation of arsenic solution.
- Uses(s) of insecticides e.g. liquid insecticide, aerosol, etc.
- Types of damages.
Grading of Hides and Skin
- Difference between grading and selection in hides and skin.
- Commercial classification, folding and banding of hides and skin.
- Grading and selection in hides and skins.
- Application of grading and selection.
- Classification of hides and skin.
- Folding and bunding.
Water for Tanning
- Available sources of water supply, importance and effect of hard water on tanning.
- Sources of water.
- Importance of water.
- The effects of water.
- Removal of water hardness.
Tannery Dyes, Finishes And Other Chemicals
- Major vegetable tanning materials used in Nigeria and their sources.
- Basic principles of basicity of chrome liquors, use and merits of oils, fats, waxes, and fat liquors in tanning.
- Types of dyes and finishes, sources and principles of fixation of dyes and finishes.
- Safety precautions in the use of acids, alkalis, salts, finishes, etc in the leather industry.
- Vegetable tanning.
- Preparation of chrome liquors.
- Principles of basicity.
- Uses of oils, fats waxes, fat liquors and their merits.
- Types of dyes and finishes.
- Sources of dyes and finishes.
- Factors governing the choice of dyes and finishes.
- The principles of fixation.
- Types and uses of indicators, PH papers, scales and buffer solutions in tanning.
- Precautions in using acids, alkalis, salts and finishes.
Tannery Machines and Equipment
- Tanning equipment and machines according to the production process and safety precautions.
- Types of Tanning equipment and machines.
- Measurement of volumes, capacity of pit, drums and paddles.
- Precautions for machines and equipment.
Outline of Leather Manufacture
- Process of leather manufacture, different departments in the tanning industry and manufacturing process of different types of leather uppers, soles, suede, etc.
- Operation of each department and different drying methods in leather manufacture.
- Process of leather manufacture.
- Types of departments in tanning e.g. beam yard, tan yard, etc.
- Operation and functions of leather manufacture departments.
- Dry methods in leather manufacture e.g. vacuum drying.
- Manufacturing process of leather e.g. uppers, upholstery, suede, etc.
Quality Control in leather Manufacture
- Different quality control measures in the various processes of leather manufacture and the physical and chemical tests involved.
- Quality control measures.
- Physical and chemical tests in quality control.
- Carrying out physical and chemical tests in quality control.
- Similarities and differences in leather and leather substitutes.
Beam Yard Processes
- Processes in a beam yard.
- Select and weigh raw materials from light and heavy hides.
- Soak raw hides in pits using given recipes, lime and unhair using different methods.
- Delime using various deliming agents, drench, and degrease using various methods.
- Processes in beam yard.
- Selection of raw materials.
- Weighing of raw materials.
- Soaking raw hides in pits.
- Liming and unhairing.
- Rounding for heavy leather manufacture.
- Deliming using various agents e.g. (NH4)2SO4
- Bating and scudding.
- Drenching.
- Degreasing.
- Picking.
Leather Tanning
- Interpret and assess already formulated recipes.
- Tan to produce light leathers and specific tan parts of rounded hides.
- Apply post tanning processes and incorporate fats and fat-liquors into light leathers.
- Interpret and assessing of formulated recipes.
- Tanning to produce light leather using calf skins, sheep, goat, etc.
- Tanning for specific leather.
- Tanning of rounded parts of hides.
- Application of post tanning processes.
- Incorporation fat and fat-liquors.
- Drying of light leather.
Application of Dye Stuff, Pigments and Finishes
- Dye various types of leather.
- Apply dyeing processing to leather using various dyes, pigments, prepared dopes and apply post tanning processes before dyeing and finishing.
- Glaze or wet plate by machine.
- Dyeing of types of leather e.g. suede leather.
- Application of Pigments.
- Spraying of top finish.
- Glazing or wetting of plate.
Characteristics of Finished Leather
- Classify leather as soft, hard and list leather subset tubes explaining their advantages and disadvantages.
- List and explain the properties/used of different types of fibre boards and adhesives used in leather goods manufacture.
- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using leather in making of shoes and other leather goods, and the principles of adhesion.
- Classification of leather.
- Leather substitutes, advantages and disadvantages.
- Kinds of goods manufactured from leather.
- Types of fibre boards and their properties.
- Types of yarns, threads and uses.
- Advantages and disadvantages of leather.
- Materials for re-enforcement.
- Characteristics and uses.
- Principles of adhesion.
- Types of adhesives.
History and Development of leather
- Origin, sources, types of leather used in the industry and their characteristics.
- Process of leather production with emphasis on tanning.
- Origin of leather.
- Sources of leather.
- Process of leather production.
- Types of leather and their characteristics.
Materials used in Leather Goods Manufacture
- Structure of hides and skin, characteristics and uses of plastics in the leather goods industry.
- Leather substitutes enumerating their advantages and disadvantages, different type of yarns and threads used explaining their properties, and types of adhesives used.
- Sources, properties and uses of dressing and finishing materials.
- Principles of adhesion, criteria for selection of a particular type of adhesive, and its application and effects.
- Cleaning materials and their sources, properties, actions and uses.
- Different types of dyes and pigments used in leather work, and their origin and composition.
- Structure of hide and skin.
- Leather substitutes.
- Classification of leather.
- Types of fibre boards and properties.
- Types of yarns, threads and properties.
- Structure of fabrics and uses.
- Characteristics and uses of plastics.
- Materials for reinforcement.
- Types of adhesives.
- Principles of adhesion.
- Selection of adhesive.
- Application and effects of adhesive.
- Cleaning materials.
- Sources of cleaning materials, properties, actions and uses.
- Types of dyes and pigments.
- Origin and composition of dyes and pigments.
Instruments and Materials used in Pattern Preparation
- Instruments and materials used in pattern preparation, describing their uses.
- Safety precautions in the use of the instruments.
- Instruments and materials in pattern preparation e.g. ruler or tape, pencil knife, etc.
- Uses of instruments and materials.
- Storage and care of instrument.
- Precautions in using instrument.
Pattern Production
- Sketch an item for manufacture inserting measurements, drawing the pattern to scale on cardboard and state the sequence of pattern cutting.
- Sketching of item or product.
- Measurement of an item.
- Pattern drawing to scale.
- Sequence of pattern cutting e.g. form, cutting, standard making etc.
- Cut patterns.
Application of Pattern
- Assemble patterns, make corrections, estimate cost of materials and transfer test pattern to permanent pattern.
- Assembling of patterns.
- Correction of patterns.
- Materials costing.
- Transferring of test pattern to permanent pattern.
Cutting and Skiving Tools and Equipment
- Identify all machines, equipment and hands tools used in cutting and skiving and explain their safety precautions.
- Machines, equipment and hand tools.
- Maintenance of machines, tools and equipment.
- Precautions in cutting and skiving.
Principles of cutting & Skiving
- Principles of hand cutting and select appropriate tools.
- Skiving and its purpose.
- Distinguish between pattern areas and cutting area.
- Operate skiving machines and carryout hand skiving.
- Principles of hand cutting and hand skiving.
- Tools for hand cutting and hand skiving.
- Marking for cutting.
- Inter-locking and pattern arrangement.
- Hand cutting.
- Machine cutting.
- Pattern and cutting areas.
- Skiving and purposes.
- Operating of skiving machines.
- Hand Skiving.
- Measurement of leather.
Sewing Machine
- Identify common sewing machines, state their functions and explain their working principles.
- Differentiate between manual and electric machines.
- Clean, lubricate, change needles and thread and make necessary adjustments.
- Types of sewing machines.
- Principles of sewing machines.
- Manual and electric.
- Functions of machines e.g. flat bed corner stitches, etc.
- Attachments and functions.
- Maintenance of sewing machines.
- Threading and needling.
- Machine Adjustment.
- Identify sewing machines, attachment guides, stitching aids, types of needles and threads.
- Explain the functions of preparation operation machines, types of sewing machines, stitch formation and working principles of machine for upper preparation.
- Clean, lubricate, change needles and threads in sewing machines.
- Preparation operations of sewing machines.
- Function of preparation operation machines e.g. skiving machines, folding machines etc.
- The functions of sewing machines e.g. flat bed, post bed, zig-zag etc.
- Attachment guides, stitching aids and functions.
- Stitch formation and adjustment e.g. stitch length, tension, etc.
- Machine maintenance.
- Types of needles.
- Changing needles and threads.
- Types of threads.
- Principles of machines for upper preparation.
- Principles of various sewing machines e.g. single needle flat-bed, twin-needle flat-bed, zig-zag.
Preparation for Sewing
- Identify different types of needles, thread and select appropriate types for a job.
- Types of needles.
- Classification of threads.
- Adjustment of machine tension.
- Selection of thread and needle.
- Attachment for a job.
Machine Sewing
- Operate sewing machines, identify sewing defects and correct them.
- Machining sequences and procedures.
- Operation of sewing machine.
- Types of sewing defects and correction.
Hand stitching
- Explain hand stitching procedure and identify stitching faults by correcting them.
- Hand stitching procedure.
- Stitch length.
- Tension for hand stitching.
- Types of stitching.
- Faults and correction.
Designing and Pattern Production
- Design and cut out the design.
- Application of patterns.
- Sequence of pattern cutting.
- Grading of patterns.
Pattern Preparation
- Cutting and skiving.
- Safety involved in cutting.
- Method of cutting.
- Types of skiving.
- Knowledge of material.
- Knowledge of safety precautions.
Sewing Operation
- Explain and apply different methods of sewing.
- Assemble and decorate shoe uppers by using different methods of stitching.
- Methods of sewing.
- Assembling of upper components.
- Ornamental stitches.
- Shoe uppers operation e.g. edge trimming, edge pounding, eye lifting etc.
Shoe Uppers
- Prepare shoe uppers following correct sequence.
- Sequence in shoe upper preparation.
Tools and Equipment
- Identify machines, equipment and hand tools used in cutting and preparing shoe bottom components and explain their working principles.
- Explain the safety precautions involved in cutting and preparing sole attachments.
- Types of machines, equipment and hand tools. E.g. cutting press, cutting boards, etc.
- Storage. Care, adjustment and maintenance of equipment and tools.
- Precautions in cutting.
- Functions and principle of machines.
Materials for Shoe Bottom
- Identify the different materials employed for shoe bottoming and shoe bottoming components.
- Types of materials for shoe bottom e.g. leather plastics, etc.
- Characteristics of materials.
- Types of shoe bottoming components.
- Materials for production.
Cutting Materials Bottoming
- Explain the technique of cutting for maximum economy and of cutting economically all bottom parts form man-made materials.
- Techniques of cutting.
- Techniques of cutting by hand and machine.
Preparation of Bottoming Parts
- Select the most suitable method and tools for roughing or preparing surface before adhesive application and explain the use and method of insole molding.
- Methods and tools for roughing operation e.g. wire brush, abrasive paper etc.
- Carrying out operation e.g. reducing insole and sole edge, insole covering, insole slotting etc.
- Insole moulding, uses and method.
Tools and Equipment for Shoe Lasting
- Identify machines, equipment and hand tools used in shoe lasting.
- Explain the safety precautions involved in using lasting equipment and machines, the functions and work principles of shoe lasting machines.
- Types of machines in shoe lasting.
- Maintenance of equipment.
- Precautions in lasting equipment and machines.
- Functions and principles of machines.
Upper Lasting
- Explain the purpose of lasting and the different types of tacks and staples and their uses in lasting.
- Enumerate and explain different lasting techniques.
- Identify different types of materials used for stiffener and toe puff.
- Carry out lasting operations.
- Purpose(s) of lasting.
- Parts of a last.
- Methods of bottom metal plating.
- Types of materials for stiffener and toe puff e.g. impregnated cloth etc.
- Heat treatment for materials before lasting e.g. solvent activation.
- Consequences of stress on upper materials.
- Lasting techniques.
- Lasting operation e.g. insole attaching, upper mulling, etc.
Tools and Equipment for Upper Making
- Identify various machines, equipment and hand tools used in sole attaching.
- Explain the safety precautions involved in using sole attaching equipment, the functions and working principles of the sole attaching machines.
- Types of machines, equipment, and hand tool in sole attaching e.g. roughing machines etc.
- Storage, care, adjustment and maintenance of machines and equipment.
- Precautions in using equipment.
- Functions and principles of machines.
Preparation on Lasted Shoe
- Enumerate the difference between shank and bottom fillers and carry out lasted shoe operation.
- Types of scouring abrasive, method and equipment for roughing.
- Shank and bottom fillers.
- Carrying out operations e.g. pounding of lasted shoe, roughing lasting margin. Etc.
Technique of Sole Attaching
- Identify different types of adhesives. Explain their uses and properties.
- Explain how these adhesives should be stored and the specific precautions to take when attaching sole to the lasted upper.
- Carry out sole attaching operations.
- Types of adhesives, uses and properties.
- Care and storage of adhesives.
- Mechanism of adhesion and precautions.
- Re-activation of adhesives.
- Selection of adhesives.
- Sole attaching operation e.g. sole treatment, mockwell attaching etc.
Tools and Equipment for Shoe Finishing
- Identify machines, equipment and hand tools used for finishing operations, explaining their functions and working principles.
- Explain the safety precautions involved in using the machines.
- Types of machines, equipment and hand tools for finishing operations e.g. trimming machine, scouring machine, etc.
- Storage, care, adjustment and maintenance of machines and equipment.
- Precautions in using machines and tools.
- Functions and principles of machines.
Techniques of Sole and Heel Finishing
- Explain the difference between finishing the sole before attaching and finishing the sole after attaching.
- Select edge trimming tools and heel scoring abrasives.
- Methods of sole finishing.
- Edge trimming tools.
- Heel scouring abrasives.
- Materials and equipment.
- Operations for performance.
Shoe Cleaning, Dressing and Packing
- Identify cleaning materials and types of shoe dressing products.
- Types of cleaning materials e.g. solvent, detergent, etc.
- Cleaning products.
- Types of stains or spots.
- Types of shoe dressing products e.g. polish, filler, waxes, etc.
- Dressing products.
- Operations for performance.

Topics

LEATHER TRADES
This trade consists of THREE OPTIONS: LEATHER TANNING OPTION, LEATHER GOODS MANUFACTURE, and FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE. The Trade Related subject is Building/Engineering Drawing, and General Education subjects include English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and English Literature. Each option comprises specific modules detailed below.

Leather Trade

NABTEB

course outline

Topics

LEATHER TRADES