Textile Trade

course outline

Topics

• Properties Of Textile Raw Materials

  This module explains the basic properties of cotton and their effects on machinery, along with reasons for ginning, baling, and conditioning.

• Explain basic properties of cotton and their effect on machine types and settings

  Covers properties of cotton fibres and their effects on yarn production, including length, fineness, maturity, strength, and elongation.

• State reasons for ginning, baleing and conditioning and how these affect fibre length, colour, and degree of opening

  Includes ginning objectives, baling, storage, and conditioning processes for cotton.

• Blow Room Operation

  This module covers the operation of blow room machines, including their functions, safety precautions, and the impact of atmospheric conditions on lap quality.

• Describe blow room machines, their parts and functions

  Covers objectives, types, and functions of blow room machines, including processes like mixing, blending, feeding, lap grading, and waste collection.

• Explain safety precautions and state sequence of blow room operation and how their varying atmospheric conditions affect lap quality

  Focuses on the stage-by-stage blow room process, health hazards, safety precautions, and the impact of atmospheric conditions on lap quality.

• State the purpose of light panel indicating control panel and their interpretation

  Details the control panel's purpose and interpretation of indicating lights such as green, yellow, and red.

• Explain importance of mixing and blending relative to wastes, reusable, raw materials, correct weighting on standard lap formation and how this affect and cleaning of machine

  Emphasizes mixing ratios, correct mixing of reusable waste, weighing and grading laps, and the necessity for waste collection and machine cleaning.

• Carding Process

  This module explores the carding process, including machine identification, drive systems, and fault correction.

• Identify carding machine parts, state their functions and the processes involved

  Explains the working of components like feed plate, rollers, grid bars, cylinder, flats, and doffer in a carding machine.

• Explain with a sketch card drive system, describe the process and show the coiling process

  Illustrates the drive system, sequential carding process, and the coiling of sliver into a spring.

• Describe piece laps on cards, correct piece broken slivers, doffing, card faults and correction of abnormal noise form card machine

  Covers atmospheric effects on sliver, health and safety hazards, piecing broken slivers, doffing, identifying and remedying carding faults, and machine maintenance.

• Combing Process

  This module focuses on the objectives, preparation stages, and maintenance of combing machines.

• State object of combing, its preparation stages and identify combing machine parts, their functions and maintenance

  Explains reasons for combing, pre-combing operations (sliver lap, ribbon lap), principles of combing, functions of machine parts (lap roller, feed roller, nipper knife, combs), hazards, atmospheric conditions, and machine maintenance.

• Draw Frame Operations

  This module covers drawing operations, the purpose of doubling and drafting, and the basic workings of draw frames.

• Describe drawing operation and purpose of doubling and drafting. Also explain basic working of draw frame

  Discusses drawing objectives (attenuation, evening irregularities), principle of drawing, drafting systems, types of coiling, functions of draw frame parts (lifting rollers, trumpet, drafting rollers, coiler mechanism), creeling types, atmospheric conditions, health/safety precautions, light indicators, abnormal noise, faulty stopping devices, sliver differences, and common sliver faults.

• Speed Frame Operations

  This module details the basic working principles, parts, and functions of speed frame machines.

• Understand the basic working principles of the speed frame, their parts and functions

  Explains speed frame functions (weight reduction, package winding), object of twist insertion, types of speed frames, functions of drafting rollers, spindle, flyer, bobbin rail, optimum atmospheric conditions, safety hazards, operating procedures, creeling, threading rovings, piecing broken rovings, light indicators, and waste collection.

• Principles of RingSpinning

  This module defines spinning frame principles, creeling systems, drafting, and twist insertion methods, including yarn numbering.

• Define spinning frame, explain its principles, creeling systems, drafting and types of machines used in spinning

  Defines spinning and yarn formation, discusses general spinning for various fibers (jute, wool, synthetics), and explains different creeling systems and drafting principles (roller, apron, combing).

• Describe twist insertion methods, show the difference between S and Z twists

  Explains twist insertion using spindle and flyer, and differentiates between 'Z' and 'S' twists with illustrations.

• Yarn numbering systems, cop building devices relative to ballooning and its effects

  Covers cotton yarn numbering systems (tex, denier, cotton counts), cop building on spinning machines, and the phenomenon and effects of ballooning.

• Spinning Machines

  This module lists types of spinning machines, their parts, functions, and covers spindle drives, safety devices, and fault identification.

• List types of spinning machines and their major parts showing their functions and auxiliary equipment

  Explains operations of ring and rotor spinning machines, functions of parts like creel, trumpet, draft roller, lappet, balloon ring separator, traveller, ring rail spindle, and identifies auxiliary equipment like pneumatic blowing machines.

• Describe type of spindle drives, start and stop devices. Explain standard spinning atmospheric conditions, creel of the roving through the trumpet and correct threading through the traveler, balloon and piece up systems. Identify simple faults in spinning machines

  Discusses spindle drives, health/safety hazards, standard atmospheric conditions, correct creeling, threading, piecing broken ends, doffing, and controlling faults like neps, slubs, and yarn irregularity.

• Yarn Preparation

  This module covers doubling operations, types of yarns, winding, and yarn clearing.

• Doubling Operations - State object of yarn doubling and their types. Single, double and cable; and explain their end uses

  Covers objectives of doubling, types of yarns (textured, fancy, slub), single, double, and cable yarns with 'S' and 'Z' twists, tensioning, doubling machine components and functions, winding methods, package types (cheese, cones, pirn), winding machine components, tension devices, precision and drum winding, winding faults, safety precautions, and yarn clearing methods.

• Identify a typical doubling machine faults and control

  Focuses on identifying and controlling faults in doubling machines using diagrams.

• Textile Raw Materials: Fibres

  This module identifies and classifies textile raw materials, explains differences between natural and man-made fibres, and describes fibre identification methods.

• Identification and classification of various types of Textile Raw Materials

  Defines fibres and classifies them into natural (cotton, flax, silk) and man-made (regenerated like cellulose acetate, synthetics like nylon, polyester).

• Explain the difference between natural and man-made fibres, showing how their physical properties affects their reaction

  Studies differences in structure, growth, production, and physical properties (length, maturity, tensile strength, weight, effect of heat, elasticity, elongation, sunlight).

• Describe various methods of fibre identification, principles of carrying out the tests and instruments you can use

  Covers effects of physical properties on end-uses, chemical properties (reaction to acids/alkalines), and identification methods (optical, physical burning, chemical) with associated testing instruments.

• Conversion of Fibre to Yarn: Spinning

  This module covers the history and principles of blowroom, carding, combing, drafting, and ring spinning processes.

• Explain the history and principles of blowroom

  Traces the history of spinning and explains the principles of cotton spinning from blowroom to ring spinning using a flowchart.

• Identify types of combing, machines, silver conversion to rovings and difference between S and Z twists

  Identifies blowroom machines, reasons for carding and combing, explains carding and combing processes, objects of drafting, roller settings, twist factor calculations, and direct/indirect yarn numbering systems.

• Conversion of Yarn to Fabric

  This module explains weaving, differentiates between traditional and power looms, and covers primary/secondary loom motions. It also defines knitting, its history, types, and elements.

• Explain the term weaving and differentiate between traditional and power loom

  Illustrates end-uses of yarn, describes preparatory stages for weaving (sizing, warping, drawing-in), and provides a general definition of weaving.

• Show the primary motions and secondary motions of the loom

  Explains types of yarn packages (cone, cheese) and winding methods, principle of winding, and discussions on warp beams with creels.

• Define knitting and give a brief history of knitting. Differentiate between weft and warp knitted fabric showing their basic structures and explain the elements of knitting

  Explains sizing, drawing-in methods for different weave structures, principles of interlacing yarns, traditional vs. power looms, primary (shedding, picking, beat-up) and secondary (let-off, take-up) motions, simple weave structures, knitting history, warp/weft knitting differences, knitting machines, knitted structures, knitting elements (needles), and non-woven methods (bonded, felted, lace).

• Fabric Purification, Colouration and Finishing

  This module describes various fabric purification processes, dyeing methods, and finishing techniques.

• Describe shearing, singeing, desizing, scouring and bleaching

  Explains processes like shearing, singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization, purification machines, classification and application of dyes, primary/secondary colors, color application, dyeing machines, and finishing processes (washing, steaming, calendaring).

• Designing

  This module identifies basic designing methods, types of printing machines, and materials used in textile printing.

• Identify basic designing methods and list various types of machines and materials used in printing

  Identifies design materials, discusses idea development with colors, explains repeat systems (half drops, full drops), color separation techniques (tracing papers, kodatrace, stencils, photo emulsion), printing methods (block, stenciling, silk screen, roller, transfer, discharge), and printing machine workings.

• Drawing Operation

  This module explains the principles of drawing-in, types of shafts and heald frames, and their arrangement relative to weaves.

• Explain principles of drawing-in types of shafts, heads frame, their arrangement relative to weaves

  Explains the principle of interlacing threads during weaving, the use of design paper, and the process of drawing-in, including types of shaft arrangements.

• Fixing of heads by weave pattern, drafting warp ends through the head eyes and head shaft calculations

  Describes wooden and metal heald frames, twin and metal type healds, drawing yarns through healds according to drafts, fixing wires on shafts, interpreting design paper, calculations for ends, and checking/correcting drawing-in mistakes.

• Denting Operations

  This module describes the process of denting, types of reeds, and methods of denting.

• Describe the process of denting, types of reeds and types of denting

  Describes the process and manner of denting (reeding) with a reed hook, types and sizes of reeds (e.g., 16s, 24s), and calculations for ends per dent.

• Different between full and half gaiting

  Explains how to prepare the loom for gaiting and differentiates between full and half gaiting processes, including practical application.

• Weaving Process

  This module explains the basic loom mechanism, identifies primary, secondary, and auxiliary motions, and details the principles of shedding, picking, and beat-up.

• Explain the basic loom mechanism and identify primary, secondary and auxiliary motions. State the principles of shedding, picking, beat-up let-off motion, take-off motion in weaving

  Describes primary motions (shedding, picking, beat-up), mechanisms of a power-driven loom, principles of let-off and take-up motions, importance of warp protector motions (warp-stop, weft-stop, shuttle protector), and the use of design paper for interlacing warp and weft.

• Weaving operation

  Covers operating pirn and shuttle transfer, checking protective motions, starting/stopping the loom, planning/weaving fabrics, mending yarn breaks with weavers' knots, repairing faulty looms, and removing woven fabric.

• Loom Maintenance

  This module outlines safety precautions for loom operation and the procedures for starting, running, and stopping the loom.

• Outline safety precautions for loom operation. Carry out all operations from starting loom run through let-off to take up and stoping of the loom

  Details cleaning, oiling, and greasing the loom, indicating loom timing for setting, and observing safety precautions during weaving.

• Types of Yarns

  This module identifies different types of yarn, their components, counting systems, and calculations. It also covers yarn packages, conditioning, and weight calculations.

• Identify different types of yarn, component, counts, counting system and yarn calculations by use of conversion tables

  Discusses various types of yarns from natural and man-made fibres, yarn counts and numbering systems (tex, denier, cotton count, worsted), defining each, and performing calculations for ply yarns in direct and indirect systems.

• Describe various types of yarn packages, conditioning and show how yarn weight, relative humidity, and moisture regain content can be calculated

  Studies yarn winding and packaging systems (cone, cheese, pirn), principles of yarn conditioning, and formulas for calculating yarn weight, relative humidity, and moisture regain.

• Yarn Clearing

  This module explains methods of yarn clearing and identifies simple yarn faults.

• Explain methods of yarn clearing and identify simple yarn aults

  Studies electrical, mechanical, and electronic methods of yarn clearing, and explains various yarn manufacturing faults such as slubs, knots, hairiness, and neps.

• Winding

  This module explains winding principles related to yarn tension, angle of wind, and package diameter.

• Explain winding principles winding relative to yarn tension, angle of wind and package diameter

  Studies and explains the principles and reasons for yarn winding, including yarn tension, angle of wind, and package diameter. Covers winding speeds, surface speeds, patterning, coil angle calculations, and effects of bad packaging.

• Warping Process

  This module explains warping principles, reasons, identifies warping machines, and functions of creel used in warping operations.

• Explain warping principles and reasons for identifying warping machines and functions of creel used in warping operation and maintain warping machine

  Studies the principles and reasons for warping, preparations like sizing, describes warping machines (ball, beam, sectional), identifies and explains types of creels, and covers creel arrangement and alignment for operating warping machines.

• Pirn Winding

  This module explains the principles of pirn winding and identifies types of pirn winding machines.

• Identify types of pirn winding machines and state the importance of pirn size and length

  Identifies and explains the operation of pirn winding machines (automatic, semi-automatic, fully automatic, super speed automatic), and explains the importance of pirn size, shape, and length. Includes learning machine operation and maintenance.

• Sizing Operations

  This module explains the principles of sizing, identifies types of sizing machines, and states the functions of various parts.

• Identify types of sizing machine and state the functions of the various parts

  Studies and describes hot air chamber and multi-cylinder sizing machines, discusses sizing ingredients, assesses size take-ups, discusses components (warp beams, sow box, squeeze rollers, lease rods, dry range, combs), and covers sizing operations and maintenance.

• Drawing Tools

  This module identifies drawing tools, equipment, and materials, covering their storage and maintenance.

• Equipment and Materials. Identify drawing tools equipment and materials

  Explains the use of drawing instruments and equipment, identifies paper quality (cartridge, newsprint, cardboard), and covers storage and maintenance of tools and materials.

• Drawing For Textiles

  This module explains the elements and principles of drawing in textiles, including lines, idea development, forms, and color theory.

• Explain elements and principles of drawing in textiles

  Explains drawing as a medium of expression, application of lines (curves, straight, zig-zag) for shapes/forms/motifs, idea development, life/object drawing, identification of colors (primary, secondary), color wheel, monochrome/polychrome coloring, and color harmony/contrast.

• Textile Design

  This module explains how drawing materials are used to achieve the elements and principles of design.

• Explain how drawing materials is used to achieve the elements and principles of drawing

  Explains design elements (lines, shapes, colors, size, direction, value), pigment theory of color (harmony, contrast), practical design work, identifying real/imitation wax and madras, making designs from various sources, advanced designs, repeat/non-repeat forms, color ways, traditional/contemporary concepts, designer's role, and preparing for designing/painting.

• Transfer Materials, Tools and Equipment

  This module discusses and practices the transfer of paper designs onto screens, including materials, registration cameras, and stencil types.

• Dsicuss and practice transfer of paper design onto screen; and materials used; emphasis on registration camera used, and stencil types

  Explains transferring paper stencils, profilm, photo emulsion onto screens for flat/rotary printing, etching/engraving for roller printing, use of tracing papers, transparent films, opaque colors, tracing boxes, synthetic/metal meshes, printing paste, ink, stencils, proper storage, repairing damages, and servicing equipment.

• Printing Chemical Tools

  This module discusses block, screen, and roller printing methods, including material preparation and fault correction.

• Discuss block, screen and roller printing

  Discusses block printing (preparing lino, wood stencils), screen printing (block-out agents, poor registration correction), screen material preparation, rotary screen printing, roller printing (mechanical/manual transfer), blocking screens with gum/polish/shellac/lacquer/bichromate, developing rotary screens, engraving copper rollers, smoothing/polishing, printing faults, and test printing.

• Tracing Methods and Colour Separation

  This module focuses on producing accurate copies of designs, color separation, and design enlargement.

• Prduce accurate and neat copies of ideas to be printed, colour separation and enlargement of designs

  Demonstrates practical work on developed screens, making color separations for different colored shapes, and practicing color separation methods for resist, silk screen, rotary, and roller printing.

• Design Registration

  This module covers practicing registration of designs using chemical, manual, and photographic methods.

• Practice registration of designs by chemical, manual and photographic methods

  Explains chemical, manual, and photographic methods for design registration, checking accurate registration of repeat units, and procedures for matching designs.

• Printing Chemical Tools and Equipment

  This module identifies classes of dyes and their application techniques, along with tools and equipment used in textile printing.

• Identify classes of dyes and their application techniques

  Classifies dyes (direct, acid, sulphur) by fabric type, discusses dyeing auxiliaries, features of dyes, and basic dyeing procedures for different fabrics.

• Identify tools and equipment used in textile printing and their routine maintenance

  Describes tools and equipment for printing (screen frame, squeegee) and covers their routine maintenance.

• Printing Procedure and Processes

  This module covers setting and laying tables for uniform printing, operating roller printing, determining resist agent thickness, and explaining drying methods.

• Setting and laying of table and screen for uniform printing

  Demonstrates the procedure for setting out materials and tables for printing, ensuring proper placement for good registration.

• Operate roller and determine resist agent thickness

  Explains proper setting for rotary printing, preparing fabric, demonstrating printing skills with flat screen, operating roller/rotary machines, techniques for spraying/printing fiber blends, squeegee pulls, resist agent thickness, and drying chambers.

• Explain various drying methods and multi-colour technique

  Covers different drying chambers and their timing for curing, and explains multi-color printing techniques and equipment (flat screen, rotary, Duplex).

• Faults in Textile Printing

  This module identifies printing faults, their causes, and rectification methods.

• Identify printing faults and their correction

  Identifies and explains printing faults like blotting and poor registration, their causes, and methods for rectification.

• Singeing

  This module explains the singeing process, its objectives, and necessary safety precautions.

• Understand singeing and describe its process, objectives singeing and safety precautions

  Defines singeing and explains gas, hot plate, and cylinder singeing with diagrams. Explains the aim of singeing (burning off hairy surface) and cleaning procedures for safety.

• Desizing

  This module describes the desizing process and methods for testing the quality of desized goods.

• Describe desizing process

  Discusses desizing agents, their composition and uses, properties of sizes and their removal, reasons for desizing (e.g., preventing uneven dyeing), and methods such as alkaline, acid, and enzyme desizing. Includes operating desizing equipment.

• Scouring

  This module explains the principles of scouring and emphasizes the importance of temperature, time, and chemical concentrations.

• Explain principles of scouring and observe the importance of temperature time and chemical concentrations

  Explains scouring purpose (removal of soils/waxes for effective dyeing), describes equipment and chemicals, and covers methods like rope form, open width, continuous, and batch-wise. Emphasizes conditions for effective scouring: temperature, time, and chemical concentration.

• Textile Bleaching

  This module explains the chemistry of bleaching agents and processes, and enumerates the functions and application methods of fluorescent brightening agents.

• Explain the chemistry of bleaching agents and bleaching process

  Explains the purpose of bleaching, required agents for vegetable/animal fibres (oxidizing/reducing), and the reactions of bleaching agents based on end-use, handle, and dyeing requirements (e.g., hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide for cotton).

• Enumerate the functions of fluorescent Brightening Agents, and methods of applying FBA

  Describes bleaching errors (yellowing, weakening, chlorine damage to wool), functions of fluorescent brightening agents (FBA), and methods of application like exhaustion and padding, including conducting experiments.

• Mercerization

  This module defines mercerization, describes its effects on fabric, and discusses factors influencing the process.

• Understand mercerization and describe its effect on fabric and factors that affects its process

  Defines mercerization, describes its process with diagrams, explains its purpose and imparted qualities (elasticity, increased tensile strength, high affinity for dyes), and factors affecting it (caustic soda concentration, impregnation, temperature, dwell time, wetting agent, neutralization).

• Setting of Wool and Thermoplastic Fibres

  This module explains the mechanism of heat setting thermoplastic fabrics and various methods, with emphasis on crabbing.

• Describe various method of heat setting with emphasis on crabbing

  Explains dry, steam, and wet heat setting methods for thermoplastic fibers (polyester, polyamide, acrylic), and uses diagrams to explain crabbing process for wool as a heat setting method.

• Pre-treatment of Synthetic Fibre Fabrics

  This module describes the pre-treatment process for polyester-cellulose blends and other synthetic fibre fabrics.

• Describe pre-treatment process of polyester cellulose blends and synthetic fibre fabric

  Explains the process for pre-treating blends of polyester/cellulose and other synthetic fibre fabrics.

• Carbonizing

  This module covers carbonizing, explaining its process and objectives with a focus on wool.

• Study carbonizing and explain the process and its objectives (emphasis should be made on wool)

  Explains wool carbonizing, describes the carbonizing process for wool, and discusses its aim.

• Pre-Treatment of Fibres and Yarns

  This module describes wool scouring, bleaching, and chlorination processes for fibres and yarns.

• Wool scouring process

  Explains the process of scouring wool in rope form in dolly machines, moving it through warm detergent solutions of diminishing strength, and the care required due to wool's sensitivity to boiling water and alkaline solutions.

• Describe scouring bleaching and chlorination process

  Explains processes for bleaching vegetable and animal fibres/yarns, applying bleaching agents to cotton and wool, and the normal process of bleaching wool using sulfur dioxide gas and hydrogen peroxide, discussing effects of chlorination on wool.

• Washing Ranges

  This module focuses on drawing and labeling a schematic diagram of a washing range.

• Draw and label a schematic diagram of washing range

  Creates a labeled diagram of a washing range, showing the washing mangle, steaming unit, and drying cylinder, and conducts a washing run.

• Maintenance of Textile Equipment and Machinery

  This module describes general routine maintenance and repairs, and lists elements and functions of spinning machines.

• Describe general routine maintenance and repairs carried out

  Practices loosening/tightening screws and nuts, removing parts with jacks/forklifts, aligning race board height, removing wooden/plastic/metallic parts, tidying work, and identifying different fuses used in the weaving shed, and explains their uses.

• Principles of Light and Colour

  This module explains light composition and the relationship between light and color.

• Explain light composition and relationship between light and colour fan object

  Explains the nature of light, wavelength, light energy, visible spectrum, and the effect of light on matter (reflection, transmission, absorption), including experiments with prisms.

• Dyeing and Dyeing Machinery

  This module covers the theory of dyeing, affinity, dye bath preparation, and classification of dyes. It also explains dyeing machine principles, auxiliaries, and various dyeing terms.

• State theory of dyeing and explain affinity in dyeing. Describe dye bath preparation, classification of dyes for different fabrics

  Explains color mixing (subtractive process), absorption, diffusion, fixation, the swelling effect of alkali on cotton and its affinity for dyestuff, dyeing different fabrics, and classifying dyes by application.

• Explain the working principles of dyeing machines, dye auxiliaries and their objects

  Explains the use and examples of dyeing auxiliaries: electrolytes, retarding agents, accelerants, levelling agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and carriers. Discusses continuous (pad steam, pad thermostolic) and batch-wise (jigger, winch, beam, package) dyeing machineries and their workings.

• Explain these dyeing terms: electrolytes retarding agents etc

  Explains padding and exhaustion dyeing methods, dyeing methods for fibre blend fabrics (solid, cross dyeing), reasons for these methods, conducting dyeing operations for polyester/cotton blends, purpose of stripping and redyeing, correcting faulty dyeing, and after-treatment methods (cationic fixing agent, sodium acetate, oxidation).

• Test of Fastness Properties

  This module covers conducting fastness tests and understanding their impact on fabric and end-use.

• Carry out fastness test and show how it affects fabric and use

  Discusses light, wash, rubbing, perspiration, and sublimation fastness properties of dyed textiles. Explains the relationship between fabric end use and required fastness properties, and conducts various tests.

• Purposes and Effects of Finishing

  This module defines finishing, its common types in the textile industry, and compares chemical and mechanical finishing processes.

• Understand finishing and common types of finishing in textile industries

  Defines finishing as applied to textiles, its types and objectives such as imparting aesthetics, improving serviceability, and adding special properties.

• Compare and contrast chemical and mechanical finishing

  Compares types of finishing, their effects, mechanical finishing processes (calendaring, brushing, embossing, raising, sanforizing, milling), and chemical finishing processes (resin, softening, water-repellent, flame retardant, anti-static).

• Mechanical Finishing Processes

  Explain adjustment of dimensions (stentering); heat setting of thermo plastic; thickness increase by raising and reduction by calendaring. Explain Calendering (Friction, Schreiner), Brushing, Embossing, Sanforizing, Shearing, Milling for wool/blends, and Beetling for linen fabric.

• Illustrate Mechanical Finishes with Equipment Diagrams

  Use diagrams and drawings of equipment to illustrate mechanical finishing processes.

• Illustrate Chemical Finishes with Equipment Diagrams

  Use diagrams and drawings of equipment to illustrate chemical finishing processes.

• Finishing Operation

  Explain the working principles of finishing machines and processes using sketches.