What this topic covers
Models of the atom: Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr and electron-cloud (wave-mechanical) models should be discussed qualitatively, including their limitations. Quantization of angular momentum (Bohr). Energy quantization: Energy levels in the atom, colour and light frequency. Treatment should include: Frank-Hertz experiment, Line spectra from hot bodies, absorption spectra and spectra of discharge lamps. Photoelectric effect: Explanation, dual nature of light, work function and threshold frequency. Einstein's photoelectric equation and its explanation. Application in T.V., camera, etc. (simple problems may be set). Thermionic emission: Explanation and applications. X-rays: Production of X-rays and structure of X-ray tube. Types, characteristics, properties, uses and hazards of X-rays, including safety precautions.
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